Islamic studies flourished thereafter. [83] This term was used interchangeably with dinar, though it is unclear if coined currency was used in the empire. To Musa, Islam was "an entry into the cultured world of the Eastern Mediterranean". [122] They targeted Moroccan pashas still in Timbuktu and the mansas of Manden. Mansa Musa is potentially the richest person to ever live; as ruler of Mali from 1312 to 1337, he came into power after his brother, King Abu Bakr the Second, vanished on an oceanic voyage. Umari also describes the empire as being south of Marrakesh and almost entirely inhabited except for few places. The Wolof populations of the area united into their own state known as the Jolof Empire in the 1350s. . [86] After Sakura's death, power returned to the line of Sunjata, with Wali's son Qu taking the throne. [74] The combined forces of northern and southern Manden defeated the Sosso army at the Battle of Kirina (then known as Krina) in approximately 1235. With a global population of some 11 million, the Mandinka are the best-known ethnic group of the Mande peoples, all of whom speak different dialects of the Mande language. After a mere nine months of rule, Mansa Camba Keita was deposed by one of Maghan Keita I's three sons. Mansa Musa developed cities like Timbuktu and Gao into important cultural centers. Mansa Fadima Musa Keita, or Mansa Musa Keita II, began the process of reversing his brother's excesses. We all know of Mansa Musa, possibly the richest man to ever exist. [18], In the Songhai language, rulers of Mali such as Musa were known as the Mali-koi, koi being a title that conveyed authority over a region: in other words, the "ruler of Mali". [77] Alternatively, it is possible that the four-year reign Ibn Khaldun credits Maghan with actually referred to his ruling Mali while Musa was away on the hajj, and he only reigned briefly in his own right. Swords were drawn, but before the situation escalated further, Musa persuaded his men to back down. [113], In 1544 or 1545,[f] a Songhai force led by kanfari Dawud, who would later succeed his brother Askia Ishaq as ruler of the Songhai Empire, sacked the capital of Mali and purportedly used the royal palace as a latrine. [149], Imperial banner carried with Musa I in 1325 Hajj, Social, economic and governmental reformation. There was also a palace conspiracy to overthrow him hatched by the Qasa (the Manding term meaning Queen) Kassi and several army commanders. CREDITS: Chart/Narration: Matt Baker. In 1307, Mansa Musa came to the throne after a series of civil wars and ruled for thirty years. Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. [114] However, the Songhai do not maintain their hold on the Malian capital. From 1389 onwards Mali gained a host of mansas of obscure origins. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Kankoro-sigui Mari Djata, who had no relation to the Keita clan, essentially ran the empire in Musa Keita II's stead. En route, he spent time in Cairo, where his lavish gift-giving is said to have noticeably affected the value of gold in Egypt and garnered the attention of the wider Muslim world. While in Mecca, conflict broke out between a group of Malian pilgrims and a group of Turkic pilgrims in the Masjid al-Haram. Alternate titles: Kankan Ms, Mansa Musa, Mousa, Musa. To Westerners, he seems to have been the greatest of Mali rulers, as visible in games like Civilization. Sakura was able to stabilize the political situation in Mali. The Rock art in the Sahara suggests that northern Mali has been inhabited since 10,000 BC, when the Sahara was fertile and rich in wildlife. ), mansa (emperor) of the West African empire of Mali from 1307 (or 1312). In the 1450s, Portugal began sending raiding parties along the Gambian coast. Imperial Mali is best known through three primary sources: the first is the account of Shihab al-'Umari, written in about 1340 by a geographer-administrator in Mamluk Egypt. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita (c. 1214 c. 1255) and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa (Musa Keita). They founded the first village of the Manding, Kirikoroni, then Kirina, Siby, Kita. The Bamana, likewise, vowed not to advance farther upstream than Niamina. Maghan Sundiata was declared "faama of faamas" and received the title "mansa", which translates as "king". [44] Niani's reputation as an imperial capital may derive from its importance in the late imperial period, when the Songhai Empire to the northeast pushed Mali back to the Manding heartland. [18][16], Another hypothesis suggests that the name Mali is derived from Mand mali "hippopotamus", an animal that had special significance to the Keitas, and that Mand means "little manatee". Lange, Dierk (1996), "The Almoravid expansion and the downfall of Ghana", Der Islam 73 (2): 313351. He attempted to make Islam the faith of the nobility,[93] but kept to the imperial tradition of not forcing it on the populace. It was reported that he built a mosque every Friday. In approximately 1140 the Sosso kingdom of Kaniaga, a former vassal of Wagadou, began conquering the lands of its old rulers. [61], According to the Tarikh al-Sudan, the cities of Gao and Timbuktu submitted to Musa's rule as he traveled through on his return to Mali. [95] When he passed through Cairo, historian al-Maqrizi noted "the members of his entourage proceeded to buy Turkish and Ethiopian slave girls, singing girls and garments, so that the rate of the gold dinar fell by six dirhams.". Musa Keita I (c. 1280 - c. 1337), or Mansa Musa, was the ninth Mansa of the Mali Empire, one of the most powerful West African states. Several alternate spellings exist, such as Congo Musa, Gongo Musa, and Kankan Musa, but they are regarded as incorrect. King Mansa Musa is famous for his Hajj journey, during which he stopped off in Egypt and gave out so much gold that the Egyptian economy was ruined for years to come. [46] Kangaba became the last refuge of the Keita royal family after the collapse of the Mali Empire, and so has for centuries been associated with Sundiata in the cultural imagination of Mande peoples. His 25-year reign (1312-1337 CE) is described as "the golden age of . [23] Numbered individuals reigned as mansa; the numbers indicate the order in which they reigned. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Ibn Khaldun recorded that in 776 A.H or 1374/1375 AD he interviewed a Sijilmasan scholar named Muhammad b. Wasul who had lived in Gao and had been employed in its judiciary. While the accounts are of limited length, they provide a fairly good picture of the empire at its height. The bow figured prominently in Mandinka warfare and was a symbol of military force throughout the culture. The kingdom of Mali reached its greatest extent around the same time, a bustling, wealthy kingdom thanks to Mansa Musas expansion and administration.Mansa Musa died in 1337 and was succeeded by his sons. [70] However, once Sundiata did gain use of his legs he grew strong and very respected. This was due to the tax on trade in and out of the empire, along with all the gold Mansa Musa had. [89][85] Contemporary Arabic sources may have been trying to express that Musa had more gold than they thought possible, rather than trying to give an exact number. Al-Umari, who wrote down a description of Mali based on information given to him by Abu Said 'Otman ed Dukkali (who had lived 35 years in the capital), reported the realm as being square and an eight-month journey from its coast at Tura (at the mouth of the Senegal River) to Muli. [86] Qu was succeeded by his son Muhammad, who launched two voyages to explore the Atlantic Ocean. During his reign, the Mossi emperor Bonga of Yatenga raided into Mali and plundered Macina. His reign came with huge physical, economic and intellectual development in the Mali Empire. The other major source of information comes from Mandinka oral tradition, as recorded by storytellers known as griots.[5]. During Musa's 25-year-rule the Mali Empire more than tripled in size and had significant influence in several modern day countries including Mauritania, Senegal, Nigeria, Burkino Faso and Chad. At its peak, Mali was the largest empire in West Africa, widely . The Mali Empire (Manding: Mand or Manden; Arabic: , romanized: Ml) was an empire in West Africa from c. 1226 to 1670. [122] This campaign gutted Manden and destroyed any hope of the three mansas cooperating to free their land. Oral tradition states that he had three sons who fought over Manden's remains. While in Cairo, Mansa Musa met with the Sultan of Egypt, and his caravan spent and gave away so much gold that the overall value of gold decreased in Egypt for the next 12 years. It spanned the modern-day countries of Senegal, southern Mauritania, Mali, northern Burkina Faso, western Niger, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, the Ivory Coast and northern Ghana. At each halt, he would regale us [his entourage] rare foods and confectionery. [26][17] Ibn Khaldun said that he "was an upright man and a great king, and tales of his justice are still told."[101]. [10], Mali, Mand, Manden, and Manding are all various pronunciations of the same word across different languages and dialects. [124] Following this disastrous set of events, Mansa Mama Maghan abandoned the capital of Niani. A city called Dieriba or Dioliba is sometimes mentioned as the capital or main urban center of the province of Mande in the years before Sundiata, that was later abandoned. [4] Much of the recorded information about the Mali Empire comes from 14th-century Tunisian historian Ibn Khaldun, 14th-century Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta and 16th-century Andalusian traveller Leo Africanus. Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali Server Costs Fundraiser 2023 Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. The northern commercial towns of Oualata and Audaghost were also conquered and became part of the new state's northern border. Traveling from his capital of Niani on the upper Niger River to Walata (Oualta, Mauritania) and on to Tuat (now in Algeria) before making his way to Cairo, Mansa Ms was accompanied by an impressive caravan consisting of 60,000 men including a personal retinue of 12,000 enslaved persons, all clad in brocade and Persian silk. Mansa Musa brought architects and scholars from across the Islamic world into his kingdom, and the reputation of the Mali kingdom grew. Sundjata is credited with at least the initial organisation of the Manding military. Musa I (known more commonly as Mansa Musa) was the tenth Mansa (a Mandinka word for "emperor") of the Mali Empire. Abu Bakr was the first and only mansa to inherit through the female line, which has been argued to be either a break from or a return to tradition. [e] After the loss of the first expedition, Muhammad led the second expedition himself. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [93] Mansa Maghan Keita I spent wastefully and was the first lacklustre emperor since Khalifa Keita. [86] As Fajigi, Musa is sometimes conflated with a figure in oral tradition named Fakoli, who is best known as Sunjata's top general. When Musa departed Mali for the hajj, he left his son Muhammad to rule in his absence. As soon as Sassouma's son Dankaran Touman took the throne, he and his mother forced the increasingly popular Sundjata into exile along with his mother and two sisters. He encouraged his subjects immersion in scholarship, the arts, and the Qurn. He has been subject to popular claims that he is the wealthiest person in history,[5] but his actual wealth is not known with any certainty. Mansa Ms, either the grandson or the grandnephew of Sundiata, the founder of his dynasty, came to the throne in 1307. Emperors and Empresses from Around the (Non-Roman) World Quiz, Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal et duc de Richelieu, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Musa-I-of-Mali, World History Encyclopedia - Mansa Musa I, Musa - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). UsefulCharts, . He built mosques and large public buildings in cities like Gao and, most famously, Timbuktu. If the mansa didn't believe the dyamani-tigui was capable or trustworthy, a farba might be installed to oversee the province or administer it outright. "[96], Contemporary sources suggest that the mounts employed by this caravan were one hundred elephants, which carried those loads of gold, and several hundred camels, carrying the food, supplies and weaponries which were brought to the rear.[97]. Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca happened between 1324 and 1325. He is also called Hidji Mansa . Kankan Musa, better known as Mansa Musa probably took power in approximately 1312, although an earlier date is possible. Online articles in the 21st century have claimed that Mansa Musa was the richest person of all time. [43] Perhaps because of this, Musa's early reign was spent in continuous military conflict with neighboring non-Muslim societies. [107] The Gambia was still firmly in Mali's control, and these raiding expeditions met with disastrous fates before Portugal's Diogo Gomes began formal relations with Mali via its remaining Wolof subjects. A dknsi performed the same function except with slave troops called sofa ("guardian of the horse") and under the command of a farimba ("great brave man"). The empire he founded became one of the richest in the world, and his descendants included one of the richest individuals to ever live, Mansa Musa. [59], On his return journey, Musa met the Andalusian poet Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, whose eloquence and knowledge of jurisprudence impressed him, and whom he convinced to travel with him to Mali. and transl. He is the resurrected spirit of Masuta the Ascended, the second boss in the first elite dungeon, Temple of Aminishi . [98] Musa's hajj, and especially his gold, caught the attention of both the Islamic and Christian worlds. Musa was a very successful military leader. . Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) was the king of the ancient empire of Mali in West Africa. The buildings were constructed from slabs of salt and roofed with camel skins. Mansa Mahmud Keita II received the Portuguese envoys Pro d'vora and Gonalo Enes in 1487. [60] In return for their submission, they became "farbas", a combination of the Mandinka words "farin" and "ba" (great farin). It was common practice during the Middle Ages for both Christian and Muslim rulers to tie their bloodline back to a pivotal figure in their faith's history, so the lineage of the Keita dynasty may be dubious at best,[62] yet African Muslim scholars like the London-based Nigerian-British cleric Sheikh Abu-Abdullah Adelabu have laid claim of divine attainments to the reign of Mansa Mousa: "in Islamic history and its science stories of Old Mali Empire and significance of Mansa Mousa by ancient Muslim historians like Shihab al-Umari, documenting histories of African legendaries like Mansa Kankan Musa did actually exist in early Arabic sources about West African history including works of the author of Subh al-a 'sha one of the final expressions of the genre of Arabic administrative literature, Ahmad al-Qalqashandi Egyptian writer, mathematician and scribe of the scroll (katib al-darj) in the Mamluk chancery in Cairo[63] as well as by the author of Kitab al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik (Book of Highways and Kingdoms) Ab Ubayd Al-Bakri, an Arab Andalusian Muslim geographer and historian emboldened Keita Dynasty", wrote Adelabu. Mss rule defined the golden age of Mali. Mansa Musa brought the architect back to Mali to beautify some of the cities. [34][35] Nonetheless, the possibility of such a voyage has been taken seriously by several historians. His riches came from the mining of significant gold and salt deposits in the Mali Empire, along with the slave and ivory trade.[6][7]. [83] He is criticized for being unfaithful to tradition, and some of the jeliw regard Musa as having wasted Mali's wealth.
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