1943)", "Official Military Personnel File for Richard M. Nixon", "Final Report on Foreign Aid of the House Select Committee on Foreign Aid", "The Problem of American Communism in 1945: Facts and Recommendations", Museum of Broadcast Communications, "KennedyNixon Debates", Museum of Broadcast Communications, "Smith, Howard K.", "42% of GOP Rank and File on Lodge Bandwagon", "Johnson Leads Nixon, 3 To 1 In Latest Presidential Poll", "Goldwater Looks to California and Oregon Primaries as Crucial to His Chances", "ROCKEFELLER WINS OREGON PRIMARY, UPSETTING LODGE", Nixon Tried to Spoil Johnson's Vietnam Peace Talks in '68, Notes Show, "Biden Had To Fight For The Presidential Nomination. What was the outcome of what happened in 1972? He also increased funds for education and for rehabilitation facilities. - 400,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died [274] When the deposed Shah of Iran died in Egypt in July 1980, Nixon defied the State Department, which intended to send no U.S. representative, by attending the funeral. The Carter administration had little use for Nixon and blocked his planned trip to Australia, causing the government of Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser to withhold its official invitation.[267]. [219] Nixon also canceled the Air Force Manned Orbital Laboratory program in 1969, because unmanned spy satellites were a more cost-effective way to achieve the same reconnaissance objective. A 1953 tour of the Far East succeeded in increasing local goodwill toward the United States, and gave Nixon an appreciation of the region as a potential industrial center. That medicine is usually prescribed to treat and prevent seizures, but in Nixon's case it was for depression. [104] His Democratic opponent was John F. Kennedy and the race remained close for the duration. [131] He did not give specifics of how he hoped to end the war, resulting in media intimations that he must have a "secret plan". Told by his doctors that he could either be operated on or die, a reluctant Nixon chose surgery, and President Ford visited him in the hospital. [131] His slogan of "Nixon's the One" proved to be effective. Publicly, Nixon said his strategy was a combination of negotiating and Vietnamization. - Detente would demonstrate that Nixon was a peace loving world statesman and help him to win the election in 1972 [168], Nixon had been a firm supporter of Kennedy during the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion and 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. - Nixon made progress with detente (relaxing tensions with the USSR and China). David Tal argues: The linkage between strategic arms limitations and outstanding issues such as the Middle East, Berlin and, foremost, Vietnam thus became central to Nixon's and Kissinger's policy of dtente. [81][82] Such a fund was not illegal, but it exposed Nixon to allegations of a potential conflict of interest. Nevertheless, Nixon graduated from Whittier High third in his class of 207. At the same time, he assured U.S. allies that the United States would continue to use its nuclear arsenal to shield them from nuclear threats. [282] In January 1994, the former president founded the Nixon Center (today the Center for the National Interest), a Washington policy think tank and conference center. In an area with many Quakers, Frank Nixon opened a grocery store and gas station. According to Thomas Oatley, "the Bretton Woods system collapsed so that Nixon might win the 1972 presidential election. - He felt that the US had wasted its power under Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson by allying with the weaker countries like South Vietnam and Korea He defeated McGovern with over 60percent of the popular vote, losing only in Massachusetts and D.C.[232], The term Watergate has come to encompass an array of clandestine and often illegal activities undertaken by members of the Nixon administration. Nixon was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party's presidential nominee in the 1952 election, and served for eight years as the vice president. [314], Nixon had a complex personality, both very secretive and awkward, yet strikingly reflective about himself. [144] Upon touching down, the President and First Lady emerged from Air Force One and were greeted by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. Although he faced difficulty with Congress, Nixon was able to overcome his own partys views in order to fight for the best policies and his determination and successful policies earn him an A in this area. In 1969, Nixon announced a groundbreaking foreign policy doctrine that called for the United States to act within its national interest and keep all existing treaty commitments with its allies. Nixon opposed busing personally but enforced court orders requiring its use. [259] He had hoped to wait before writing his memoirs; the fact that his assets were being eaten away by expenses and lawyer fees compelled him to begin work quickly. He even found his personal foreign policy strategy The Reagan Doctrine. - he wanted to wait till the election was over, - He was a Harvard Uni prof WebRichard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974.A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower.His five years in the White House - East and West Germany signed a treaty in 1972 where they recognised the divide [44][50] On March 10, 1946, he was relieved of active duty. How were Nixon and Kissinger demonstrating amorality in foreign policy? [12] Richard's younger brother Arthur died in 1925 at the age of seven after a short illness. [61] The Nixon Library cites this bill's passage as Nixon's first significant victory in Congress. That made his voters very confused about whether he was a conservative or a liberal. He undertook many foreign trips, rehabilitating his image into that of an elder statesman and leading expert on foreign affairs. However, Nixon desired that the US should not be perceived as having lost the war and peace should be achieved with honor. These contradictory aims led to his escalation of the War in April 1970 when the invasion of Cambodia was authorized, supposedly to pursue the North Vietnamese forces. [157], In July 1969, Nixon visited South Vietnam, where he met with his U.S. military commanders and President Nguyn Vn Thiu. On July 24, Nixon was touring the exhibits with Soviet First Secretary and Premier Nikita Khrushchev when the two stopped at a model of an American kitchen and engaged in an impromptu exchange about the merits of capitalism versus communism that became known as the "Kitchen Debate". [41], In January 1942 the couple moved to Washington, D.C., where Nixon took a job at the Office of Price Administration. Initial talks did not result in an agreement,[156] and in May 1969 he publicly proposed to withdraw all American troops from South Vietnam provided North Vietnam did so, and suggesting South Vietnam hold internationally supervised elections with Viet Cong participation. [268] In early 1978, he visited the United Kingdom; there, he was shunned by American diplomats, most ministers of the James Callaghan government, and two former prime ministers, Harold Macmillan and Edward Heath. Egypt attacked Israel in 1973 [222], Nixon believed his rise to power had peaked at a moment of political realignment. When Eisenhower announced his reelection bid in February 1956, he hedged on the choice of his running mate, saying it was improper to address that question until he had been renominated. Nixon's second term ended early, when he became the only president to resign from office, as a result of the Watergate scandal. The furor drove Smith and his program from the air,[114] and public sympathy for Nixon grew. According to Ray Price, Nixon sometimes took them in together. Goldwater had won several Southern states by opposing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 but had alienated more moderate Southerners. The thaw in relations became apparent with the ping-pong diplomacy conducted by American and Chinese table-tennis teams in reciprocal visits in 197172. [88] On his return to the United States at the end of 1953, Nixon increased the time he devoted to foreign relations.[89]. [72] Nixon won the election by almost twenty percentage points. "[83] The speech prompted a huge public outpouring of support for Nixon. Fearing communist revolution in Latin America, the Nixon administration helped to undermine the coalition government of Chiles Marxist Pres. [33] He returned to California, was admitted to the California bar in 1937, and began practicing in Whittier with the law firm Wingert and Bewley. Ford insisted on a statement of contrition, but Nixon felt he had not committed any crimes and should not have to issue such a document. [14][15], Nixon attended East Whittier Elementary School, where he was president of his eighth-grade class. Ronald Reagan, unlike Nixon, was more self-contained. [125] He selected Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew as his running mate, a choice which Nixon believed would unite the party, appealing both to Northern moderates and to Southerners disaffected with the Democrats. Nixon was more successful in other foreign policy initiatives. [172] Out of the summit came agreements for increased trade and two landmark arms control treaties: SALT I, the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers,[127] and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles. - Mao Zedong was a communist leader, - Nixon relaxed restrictions on Sino -American trade 1969-70 [142] The secrecy had allowed both sets of leaders time to prepare the political climate in their countries for the visit. President Nixon was the first President to visit the Peoples Republic of China, where he issued the Shanghai Communiqu, announcing a desire for open, normalized relations. - Pinochet used Operation Condor to terroirse or kill political opponents. [296] Cartoonist Jeff Koterba of the Omaha World-Herald depicted History before a blank canvas, his subject Nixon, as America looks on eagerly. Nixon's actions were popular at home, propelling him to victory in 1972. He could not open himself to other men and he could not open himself to greatness. [216] Nixon had campaigned as an ERA supporter in 1968, though feminists criticized him for doing little to help the ERA or their cause after his election. With some of his staff still with him, Nixon was at his desk by 7:00a.m.with little to do. "[141] Assisting him in this venture was Henry Kissinger, Nixon's National Security Advisor and future Secretary of State. "[192], After Nixon won re-election, inflation was returning. Nixon flew to California and was selected by the committee. [146] Mao later told his doctor that he had been impressed by Nixon's forthrightness, unlike the leftists and the Soviets. Surveys of historians and political scientists have ranked Nixon as a below-average president. [115] The family moved to New York City, where Nixon became a senior partner in the leading law firm Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie & Alexander. [91] On September 24, 1955, President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack and his condition was initially believed to be life-threatening. - Nixon tested Vietnamization when 500 South Vietnamese soldiers began the Lam Son offensive in Laos Nixon had four brothers: Harold (19091933), Donald (19141987), Arthur (19181925), and Edward (19302019). The Dallas Morning News stated, "History ultimately should show that despite his flaws, he was one of our most farsighted chief executives. Though rapprochement with China and dtente with the Soviet Union were ends in themselves, I also considered them possible means to hasten the end of the war. There he played opposite a high school teacher named Thelma "Pat" Ryan. Nixon addressed the Oxford Union regarding Watergate: [Some people] felt that on this matter that I had not handled it properly, and they were right. Did Richard Nixon support the Vietnam War? [210] Hopeful of doing well in the South in 1972, he sought to dispose of desegregation as a political issue before then. - In January 1969 in his inauguration speech Nixon emphasises an era of negotiations with the Soviets, What was the US intervention in the Soviet Union, - Sept 1971 the USA, USSR, Britain and France signed the Four-Power agreement.