During this period Millay suffered severe headaches and altered vision. She had fallen down the stairs and was found with a broken neck approximately eight hours after her death. Despite Millay and Boissevains troubles, Christmas of 1941 found her really cured. I thought, as I wiped my eyes on the corner of my apron: Analysis By Danna Hobart of An Ancient Gesture by Edna St. Vincent Millay, Profanity : Our optional filter replaced words with *** on this page , by owner. The enduring charms of a crowd-sourced kids anthology. [21][22][14] Counted among Millay's close friends were the writers Witter Bynner, Arthur Davison Ficke, and Susan Glaspell. Learn more about Ezoic here. Millay makes comparison through lines five and six, "Our engines plunge . "[56][57], A New York Times review of Milford noted that "readers of poetry probably dismiss Millay as mediocre," and noted that within 20 years of Millay's death, "the public was impatient with what had come to seem a poised, genteel emotionalism." Where you used to be, there is a hole in the world, which I find myself constantly walking around . Having divorced her husband in 1900, when Millay was eight, Norma six, and Kathleen three, Cora . More screw Cupid than Be mine.. From Struwwelpeter to Peter Rabbit, from Alice to Bilbothis collection of essays shows how the classics of children's literature have . The work was eventually produced and published as The Kings Henchman. Manage Settings "[5] Thomas Hardy said that America had two great attractions: the skyscraper and the poetry of Edna St. Vincent Millay. Yet she cannot even trade love for something better. In the 1920s, when she lived in Greenwich Village, she came to personify the romantic rebellion and bravado of youth. Your arms get tired, and the back of your neck gets tight; And along towards morning, when you think it will never be light. When Winfield Townley Scott reviewed Collected Sonnets and Collected Lyrics in Poetry, he said the literati had rejected Millay for glibness and popularity. The 1930s were trying years for Millay. Who told me time would ease me of my pain! Explore Edna St. Vincent Millay's best poems here. In the very best tradition, classic, Greek; But only as a gesture,a gesture which implied. Love Is Not All, also referred to as Sonnet XXX, is a traditional Shakespearean sonnet with fourteen lines of iambic. What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why, What lips my lips have kissed Poem by Edna St. Vincent Millay | Poemotopia, Poet Profile & Poems of Edna St. Vincent Millay, In the Depths of Solitude by Tupac Shakur, The End and the Beginning by Wislawa Szymborska. Tavern by Edna St. Vincent Millay is a beautiful, short poem that speaks to one persons desire to take care of others. But a month later she was back at Steepletop, where she stoically passed a lonely year working on a new book of poems. Request a transcript here. Kessler-Harris, Alice, and William McBrien, editors. It has the first couplets of "Renascence" inscribed along the perimeter of a large skylight: "All I could see from where I stood / Was three long mountains and a wood; / I turned and looked another way, / And saw three islands in a bay. [41][2], In the summer of 1936, Millay was riding in a station wagon when the door suddenly swung open, and Millay was hurled out into the pitch-darknessand rolled for some distance down a rocky gully. Read all poems by Edna St. Vincent Millay written. Though he flick my shoulders with his whip. In the sequences final sonnets, the eventual extinction of humanity is prophesied, with will and appetite dominating. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Stay in the know: subscribe to get post updates. And last years leaves are smoke in every lane; But last years bitter loving must remain. Millays frank feminism also persists in the collection. Millay composed her first poem, "Renascence," in 1912 for a poetry contest at the age of 20. Rapture and Melancholy - Edna St. Vincent Millay 2022-03-08 The first publication of Edna St. Vincent Millay's private, intimate diaries, providing "a candid self-portrait of the 'bad girl of American . She is remembered for her highly moving and image-rich poems that spoke on subjects close to the hearts of many readers. (title poem first published under name E. Vincent Millay in The Lyric Year, 1912; collection includes God's World), M. Kennerley, 1917. reprinted, Books for Libraries Press, 1972. She nevertheless began writing a blank verse libretto set in tenth-century England. This poem might make an interesting comparison with Yeats's "The Lamentation Of The Old Pensioner" (revised version). Edna St. Vincent Millay, (born Feb. 22, 1892, Rockland, Maine, U.S.died Oct. 19, 1950, Austerlitz, N.Y.), U.S. poet and dramatist. This poem is addressed to humankind who was preparing for another war after the end of the First World War. Like her contemporary Robert Frost, Millay was one of the most skillful writers of sonnets in the twentieth century, and also like Frost, she was able to combine modernist attitudes with traditional forms creating a unique American poetry. [2][5], In January 1921, Millay traveled to Paris, where she met and befriended the sculptors Thelma Wood[28] and Constantin Brncui, photographer Man Ray, had affairs with journalists George Slocombe and John Carter, and became pregnant by a man named Daubigny. When he met Millay, they fell in love and had a brief but intense affair that affected them for the rest of their lives and about which both wrote idealizing sonnets. Her attendance at Vassar, which she called a "hell-hole",[12][13] became a strain to her due to its strict nature. Savoring the rich poetic gifts of summer. From the age of eight Millay was reared by her strong, independent mother, who divorced the frivolous Henry Millay and became a practical nurse in order to support herself and her three daughters. Edna St. Vincent Millay (February 22, 1892 October 19, 1950) was an American lyrical poet and playwright. The title sonnet recalls her career:[51]. [31] In 1924, literary critic Harriet Monroe labeled Millay the greatest woman poet since Sappho. Both Elinor Wylie, in New York Herald Tribune Books, and Wilson praised the work for its celebration of youthful first love. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Millay submitted some poems, among them her Renascence. Ferdinand Earle, the editor, liked the poem so well that he wrote to E. Request a transcript here. Moreover, the action will go on endlesslyda capo. This poem is best known for its portrayal of Death and Millays straightforward refusal to give in. The book drew controversy for presenting the theme of female sexuality openly. Millay is best known for her sonnets, including What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why, Love Is Not All, and Time does not bring relief. Some of Millays popular lyric poems are The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver, Conscientious Objector, An Ancient Gesture, and Spring.. Edna St. Vincent Millay, born in Rockland, Maine on February 22, 1892 and brought up in nearby Camden, was the eldest of three daughters raised by a single mother, Cora Buzzell Millay, who supported the family by working as a private duty nurse. Those hours when happy hours were my estate, In March she finished The Lamp and the Bell, a five-act play commissioned by the Vassar College Alumnae Association for its fiftieth anniversary celebration on June 18, 1921. The speaker recalls watching his mother sacrifice herself for him when he was a young boy, weaving an enormous pile of clothing with a harp. In "The Pond," author Edna St. Vincent Millay recounts the tale of a young woman whoafter having her heart brokentravelled to a nearby pond and, whilst attempting to pick a lily from the surface of the water, fell in and drowned. Her poems include the iconic "Renascence" and the . She won the Pulitzer Prize for Best Volume of Verse in 1922. Explore Edna St. Vincent Millays best poems here. Milford also edited and wrote an introduction for a collection of Millay's poems called The Selected Poetry of Edna St. Vincent Millay. Born in Rockland, Maine, Edna St. Vincent Millay as a teenager entered a national poetry contest sponsored by The Lyric Year magazine; her poem "Renascence" won fourth place and led to a scholarship at Vassar College. She laments for her child as she cannot provide a suitable dress for him. The Penitent by Edna St. Vincent Millay describes the internal turmoil of a narrator who wants to feel sorrow for a sin she has committed. She remains one of the most influential and timelessly bewitching poets in the English language. The Millay Society Edna St. Vincent Millay also uses the free verse element of repetition throughout her poem to enhance its overall message. You need to enable JavaScript to use SoundCloud. In this piece, Millay expresses her disgust over the way everything starts to deteriorate. Lets read this emotionally charged sonnet below: Your person fair, and feel a certain zest. He did not expect domesticity of his wife but was willing to devote himself to the development of her talents and career. Built in 1892. the year Millay was born, its Victorian glories were removed by Millay to create a simple New England farmhouse. Unwilling to subside into a domesticity that would curtail her career, she put him off. Need a transcript of this episode? In Fear she vehemently lashed out against the callousness of humankind and the unkindness, hypocrisy, and greed of the elders; she was appalled by the ugliness of man, his cruelty, his greed, his lying face. Her bitterness appeared in some of the poems of her next volume, The Buck in the Snow, and Other Poems, which was received with enthusiastic approbation in England, where all of her books were popular. Harold Lewis Cook said in the introduction to Karl Yosts Millay bibliography that the Harp-Weaver sonnets mark a milestone in the conquest of prejudice and evasion. Critical commentary indicates that for many women readers, Harp-Weaver was perhaps more important than Figs for expressing the new woman. (Poet) Edna St. Vincent Millay was an American poetess and playwright who was known for her feminist activism and her several love affairs. The distinguished writers who reviewed the volume disagreed about its quality; but they generally felt, as did Paul Rosenfeld in Poetry, that it was an autumnal book in which a middle-aged woman looked back into her memories with a sense of loss. Millay was born in Rockland, Maine, on February 22, 1892. [5][52][53] She is buried alongside her husband at Steepletop, Austerlitz, New York. What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why by Edna St. Vincent Millay, Love Is Not All by Edna St. Vincent Millay. Millay's childhood was unconventional. The forty-three-year-old son of a Dutch newspaper owner, Boissevain was a businessman with no literary pretensions. During winter and spring of 1936, Millay worked on Conversation at Midnight, which she had been planning for several years. Before she attended the college, Millay had a liberal home life that included smoking, drinking, playing gin rummy, and flirting with men. Most popular poems of Edna St. Vincent Millay, famous Edna St. Vincent Millay and all 169 poems in this page. Handsome, robust, and sanguine, he was a widower, once married to feminist Inez Milholland. The poems abound in accurate details of country life set down with startling precision of diction and imagery. Classic and contemporary poems to celebrate the advent of spring. Conservation of the house has been ongoing. An unconventional childhood led into an unconventional adulthood. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The backer of the contest, Ferdinand P. Earle, chose Millay as the winner after sorting through thousands of entries, reading only two lines apiece. How Fame Fed on Edna St. Vincent Millay Millay was born poor in Maine, and she achieved unprecedented renown as a poet. Quoted in, the destruction of the Czech village Lidice, List of poets portraying sexual relations between women, "Edna St. Vincent Millay: A Literary Phenomenon", "Edna St. Vincent Millay at Mitchell Kennerley's house in Mamaroneck, New York", "How Fame Fed on Edna St. Vincent Millay", "For Rent: 3-Floor House, 9 1/2 Ft. The years between 1923 and 1927 were largely devoted to marriage, travel, the move to the old farm Millay called Steepletop, and the composition of her libretto. (Translator with George Dillon; and author of introduction) Charles Baudelaire. A poet and playwright poetry collections include The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver (Flying Cloud Press, 1922), winner of the Pulitzer Prize, and Renascence and Other Poems (Harper, 1917) She died on October 18, 1950, in Austerlitz, New York. houseboat netherlands / brigada pagbasa 2021 memo region 5 / the rabbit by edna st vincent millay. After the death of her husband in 1976, Norma continued to run the program until her death in 1986. Lets read the poem below: Detestable race, continue to expunge yourself, die out. Though it did not make it to the top three, this poem boosted her writing career greatly. Millay spent the early 1920s cultivating her lyrical works, which by 1923 included four volumes. Her most famous poem is Renascence. Read more about Edna St. Vincent Millay. Edna St. Vincent Millay. Sonnet 18, I, being born a woman and distressed, is a frank, feminist poem acknowledging her biological needs as a woman that leave her once again undone, possessed; but thinking as usual in terms of a dichotomy between body and mind, she finds this frenzy insufficient reason / For conversation when we meet again. The finest sonnet in the collection is the much-praised and frequently anthologized Euclid alone has looked on Beauty bare, which like Percy Bysshe Shelleys Hymn to Intellectual Beauty exhibits an idealism. Those acres, fertile, and the furrows straight, Youve finished reading all the best Edna St. Vincent Millay poems. She also became known for her open bisexuality and her pacifism during the First World War. By Maria Popova. The family's house in Camden was "between the mountains and the sea where baskets of apples and drying herbs on the porch mingled their scents with those of the neighboring pine woods. In 1919, she wrote the anti-war play Aria da Capo, which starred her sister Norma Millay at the Provincetown Playhouse in New York City. Publishers Weekly *starred review* "Rooney''s delectably theatrical fictionalization is laced with strands of tart poetry and emulates the dark sparkle of Dorothy Parker, Edna St. Vincent Millay, and Truman Capote. Her mother happened on an announcement of a poetry contest sponsored by The Lyric Year, a proposed annual anthology. Quotes Millay demonstrates her linguistic prowess as she artfully dodges around admitting her romantic feelings in Loving you less than life. Just another site who dismissed justice sajjad ali shah; jackson high school soccer; do military jets leave contrails She often went into detail about topics others found taboo, such as a wife leaving her husband in the middle of the night. Her physician reported that she had suffered a heart attack following a coronary occlusion. Read Poem 2. Edna St. Vincent Millay, born in 1892 in Maine, grew to become one of the premier twentieth-century lyric poets. For breakups, heartache, and unrequited love. The poet did not intend the Epitaph as a gloomy prediction but, rather, as a challenge to humankind, or as she told King in 1941, a heartfelt tribute to the magnificence of man. Walter S. Minot in his University of Nebraska dissertation concluded: By continually balancing mans greatness against his weakness, Millay has conjured up a miniature tragedy in which man, the tragic hero, is seen failing because of the fatal flaw within him. Her middle name derives from St. Vincent's Hospital in New York City, where her uncle's life had been saved just before her birth. Huntsman, What Quarry?, her last volume before World War II, came out in May, 1939, and within the month sixty-thousand copies had been sold. Or trade the memory of this night for food. Edna St. Vincent Millay, notes her biographer Nancy Milford, became the herald of the New Woman. In The Shores of Light, Wilson noted the intensity with which she responded to every experience of life. Love Is Not All 881 Words4 Pages. Held by a neighbor in a subway train, About the Author . Her directness came to seem old-fashioned as the intellectual poetry of international Modernism came into vogue. The name was drawn from a wildflower which grew all over the property: Steeplebush, or Hardhack, technically Spirea Tomentosa. She wrote this piece in 1912 for a poetry contest. Built in 1891, Henry T. and Cora B. Millay were the first tenants of the north side, where Cora gave birth to her first of three daughters during a February 1892 squall. Edna St. Vincent Millay Poems 1. Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950) was a poet and playwright. Edna's mother attended a Congregational church. The little known or unknown poet and the widely recognized appear side by siide. Rare Book & Manuscript Library, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edna_St._Vincent_Millay&oldid=1142418624, American women dramatists and playwrights, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Articles to be expanded from January 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, In 1972, Millay's poem "Conscientious Objector" was put to music by. What are you waiting for? And so stand stricken, so remembering him. Some of these women, such as Louisa May . I thought, as I wiped my eyes on the corner of my apron: And more than once: you cant keep weaving all day. "Sonnet VI Bluebeard" by Edna St. Vincent Millay, a read aloud with the text. Strangely, my search led me to the poet Edna St. Vincent Millay, which was poor research: she didn't kill herself. Millay's childhood was unconventional. Nazi forces had razed Lidice, slaughtered its male inhabitants and scattered its surviving residents in retaliation for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich. Meanwhile, Caroline B. Dow, a school director who heard Millay recite her poetry and play her own compositions for piano, determined that the talented young woman should go to college. But weakened by illnesses, she did not finish the work, and the Millays returned to New York in February, 1923. The proceeds of the sale were used by the Edna St. Vincent Millay Society to restore the farmhouse and grounds and turn it into a museum. The museum opened to the public in the summer of 2010. Edna St. Vincent Millays best poems here, Sonnet 29 Pity Me Not Because the Light of Day, Still will I harvest beauty where it grows, Time does not bring relief; you all have lied, What My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why, Poems covered in the Educational Syllabus. Fanny Butcher reported in Many Lives: One Love that after Dillons death a copy of Fatal Interview in his library was found to contain a sheet of paper with a note by Millay: These are all for you, my darling. Freedman, Diane P. (editor of this collection of essays) (1995). Millay's life, a glamorous succession of popular publications and love affairs, has been the subject of much speculation by biographers and journalists, and she secured her place in history by winning the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1923. It is through you visiting Poem Analysis that we are able to contribute to charity. An amazing look at the life of a truly unique and forward thinking poet from the early 20th century. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [63] Mary Oliver herself went on to become a Pulitzer Prize-winning poet, greatly inspired by Millay's work. Yet knows its boughs more silent than before: I cannot say what loves have come and gone. [27], To support her days in the Village, Millay wrote short stories for Ainslee's Magazine. She endured hospitalizations, operations, and treatment with addictive drugs, and she suffered neurotic fears. For Millay, Aria da capo represented a considerable achievement. In August of 1927, however, Millay became involved in the Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti case. The brevity of the poem keeps the doors of interpretations always open. Jim Stovall, in this volume, brings us his unique journalistic and artistic vision of women who whose writings and lives were always notable, sometimes notorious, and occasionally astonishing. Uncategorized. Of my stout blood against my staggering brain, I shall remember you with love, or season. Although sympathetic with socialist hopes of a free and equal society, as she told Grace Hamilton King in an interview included in The Development of the Social Consciousness of Edna St. Vincent Millay as Manifested in Her Poetry, Millay never became a Communist. Some of these poems speak out for the independence of women; in several, The Girl speaks, revealing an inner life in great contrast to outward appearances. Get LitCharts A +. And such a street (so are the papers filled) Effervescent with verve, wit, and heart, Rooney''s nimble novel celebrates insouciance, creativity, chance, and valor." Millays one-act Aria portrays a symbolic playhouse where the play is grotesquely shifted into reality: those who were initially acting are ultimately murdered because of greed and suspicion. Edna St. Vincent Millay. Afflicted by neuroses and a basic shyness, she thought of these toursarranged by her husbandas ordeals. She was also an accomplished playwright and speaker who often toured giving readings of her poetry. "[71] The library's Walsh History Center collection contains the scrapbooks created by Millays high-school friend, Corinne Sawyer, as well as photos, letters, newspaper clippings, and other ephemera.[72]. They espouse the view that bodily passions are unimportant compared to the demands of art. Representing the largest expansion between editions, this updated volume of Ottemiller's Index to Plays in Collections is the standard location tool for full- Listen to Millay reading Love Is Not All and read the sonnet below: Love is not all: it is not meat nor drink. [3] In 1904, Cora officially divorced Millay's father for financial irresponsibility and domestic abuse, but they had already been separated for some years. She penned Renascence, one of her most. That is more than wicked. Need a transcript of this episode? Vassar, on the other hand, expected its students to be refined and live according to their status as young ladies. A few of these works reflect European events. [46][47] The poem loosely served as the basis of the 1943 MGM movie Hitler's Madman. Two of its editors, John Peale Bishop and Edmund Wilson, became Millays suitors, and in August Wilson formally proposed marriage. [14] Millay often wouldn't be formally reprimanded out of respect of her work. Request a transcript here. Containing both free verse and the impassioned sonnets she had written to Ficke, the collection celebrates the rapture of beauty and laments its inevitable passing. Yet mine the harvest, and the title mine ''[1] By the 1930s, her critical reputation began to decline, as modernist critics dismissed her work for its use of traditional poetic forms and subject matter, in contrast to modernism's exhortation to "make it new." What My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why is an Italian sonnet about being unable to recall what made one happy in the past. Fatal Interview is similar to a Shakespearean/Elizabethan sonnet sequence, but expresses a womans point of view. Millay engaged in affairs with several different men and women, and her relationship with Dell disintegrated. From 1906 to 1910 her poems appeared in the famous childrens magazine St. Nicholas, and one of her prize poems was reprinted in a 1907 issue of Current Opinion. After her husbands death from a stroke in 1949 following the removal of a lung, Millay suffered greatly, drank recklessly, and had to be hospitalized. Explore some of her best poetry. Millay published "I, Being born a Woman and Distressed" in her collection The Harp-Weaver, and Other Poems in 1923. Here are some memorable lines from the poem: What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why is one of the best-known sonnets by Millay. The best of Edna St. Vincent Millay Quotes, as voted by Quotefancy readers. If Millay and Dillons affair conformed to the pattern of Fatal Interview, it probably flourished during 1929 and early 1930 and then diminished, but continued sporadically. Gods World by Edna St. Vincent Millay describes the wonders of nature and the value a speaker places on the sights she observes. Henry and Edna kept a letter correspondence for many years, but he never re-entered the family. Works also published in various collections, including Collected Poems, edited by Norma Millay, Harper, 1956; Collected Lyrics of Edna St. Vincent Millay, Harper, 1967; Collected Sonnets of Edna St. Vincent Millay, Perennial Library, 1988; andEarly Poems, Penguin Books, 1998; works represented in American Poetry: A Miscellany. [21] While establishing her career as a poet, Millay initially worked with the Provincetown Players on Macdougal Street and the Theatre Guild. As a humorist and satirist, Millay expressed in Figs the postwar feelings of young people, their rebellion against tradition, and their mood of freedom symbolized for many women by bobbed hair. Vous tes ici : Accueil. Edna St. Vincent Millay, (born February 22, 1892, Rockland, Maine, U.S.died October 19, 1950, Austerlitz, New York), American poet and dramatist who came to personify romantic rebellion and bravado in the 1920s. Wide, $6,000 a Month", "Edna St. Vincent Millay's A Few Figs from Thistles: 'Constant only to the Muse' and Not To Be Taken Lightly", "Edna St Vincent Millay's poetry has been eclipsed by her personal life let's change that", "THE KING'S HENCHMAN"; Mr. Taylor's Musical Evocation of English -- Miss Millay's Plot and Poem", "The woman as political poet: Edna St. Vincent Millay and the mid-century canon", "When Edna St. Vincent Millay's whole book burned up in a hotel fire, she rewrote it from memory", "Lyrical, Rebellious And Almost Forgotten", "Ghosts of American Literature: Receiving, Reading, and Interleaving Edna St. Vincent Millay's The Murder of Lidice", "Poetry Pairing: Edna St. Vincent Millay", "Op-ed: Here Are the 31 Icons of 2015's Gay History Month", "The Land and Words of Mary Oliver, the Bard of Provincetown", "The Edna St. Vincent Millay Society: Saving Steepletop", "Millay House Rockland launches final phase of fundraising for south side", "Statue of Edna St. Vincent Millay (Camden, Maine)", "Janis: She Was Reaching for Musical Maturity", "Edna St. Vincent Millay | Date Issued:1981-07-10 | Postage Value: 18 cents", "Maeve Gilchrist: The Harpweaver review: Taking her harp to new horizons", Edna St. Vincent Millay at the Poetry Foundation, Works by Edna St. Vincent Millay at the Academy of American Poets, Selected poetry of Edna St. Vincent Millay, Works by or about Edna St. Vincent Millay, Works by or about Edna St. Vincent Millay as Nancy Boyd, Guide to the Edna St. Vincent Millay Collection, Edna St. Vincent Millay papers, 19281941, at Columbia University. Millay's grade school principal, offended by her frank attitudes, refused to call her Vincent. The Buck in the Snow by Edna St. Vincent Millay describes the power of death to cross all boundaries and inflict loss on even the most peaceful of times. Elegy Before Death is a poem about the physical and spiritual impact of a loss and how it can and cannot change ones world. Renascence is one of the finest poems of Edna St. Vincent Millay. Millay wrote: "The whole world holds in its arms today / The murdered village of Lidice, / Like the murdered body of a little child. She was much admired as a reader of her poetry. In the summer of 1936, when the door of Millay and Boissevains station wagon flew open, Millay was thrown into a gully, injuring her arm and back. She agreed to do so. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. [12][13] At the end of her senior year in 1917, the faculty voted to suspend Millay indefinitely; however, in response to a petition by her peers, she was allowed to graduate. Millays were published in 1920 issues of Reedys Mirror and then collected in Second April (1921). She resided in a number of places, including a house owned by the Cherry Lane Theatre[17] and 75 Bedford Street, renowned for being the narrowest[18][19] in New York City.[20].